Water is weird…and I point this out in an admiring manner… Water by itself is weird…it is a “polar molecule think “tiny magnets”….but when it changes phase from a liquid to a solid or from a liquid to a vapor the weirdness goes to levels that mere mortals are left shaking their heads….or it leads them to drinking….apparently wine. More about the wine drinking later. Freeze-thaw damage, spalling and efflorescence are related in an amazing strange way. In freeze-thaw damage water changes from a liquid to a solid. In spalling and efflorescence water changes from a liquid to a vapor.
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